Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict Like Tattered Grass Beneath Warring Elephants: The Destruction of the This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Corrections? a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Trade. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. . Okeny, Kenneth (1982). While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Much of that hierarchy continued The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Religion of the Central Luo. ." We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda Division of Labor. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. the northern regions, this relationship changed. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. families living together in hamlets. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. London: James Currey. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. deaths. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. He was defeated in January 1986. PDF "Acholi Youth Are Lost": Young, Christian and (A)political in Uganda The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Even in this . Updates? ." Movement. The Lwoo. Dwyer, John O. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Political Organization. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and Political organisation - Wikipedia In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 26). 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Arts. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. PDF Publications | International IDEA 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. (1991). Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute Orientation administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Hunting tracts are owned by clans. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR Acholi people - Wikipedia //Acholi | people | Britannica Orientation The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. We hope you find it interesting. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Kinship Terminology. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. (UNHCR, 2012). The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. and tributes paid to them. (1976). It does not store any personal data. While rwodi, During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. London: Oxford University Press. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. 23 Feb. 2023 . Orientation )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Ocheng, D. O. Social Control. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been PDF University of Bradford eThesis Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Identification. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Omissions? Religious Beliefs. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. As droughts and The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. The main point of contact PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. identity is rather disputed. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Anywa Adhola During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. named Luo. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati 2008. Medicine. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Congo. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." 3 vols. (1988). The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Kin Groups and Descent. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. The Southern Lwoo language group The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. More These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Identification. Rwot, 'ruler'). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Luo people - Wikipedia During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict.
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